New York City in the 1980s was not necessarily a beacon of hope.

By then, the crack cocaine epidemic had fully sunk its teeth in, with homicide rates reaching levels that had never been seen before, much of it drug-related. In 1984, a man named Bernhard Goetz shot four young men on a subway train who he claimed were trying to rob him. (Goetz, interestingly enough, is one of just three people mentioned in Billy Joel’s “We Didn’t Start the Fire” who are still living at the time of this writing.) In 1989, a 28-year-old woman, Trisha Meili, was raped and beaten while out jogging in Central Park. Five teenagers were convicted of the crime and spent years in prison before it was ultimately learned that another man was responsible, but not before the incident became a national rallying cry around racial profiling, discrimination, and violence against women.

“New York is a long way from being perfect,” New York City Mayor Ed Koch said at his third inauguration speech in January of 1986. “This is not a place of carefree quietude. Our city is not a tranquil refuge from reality. New York today is what it has always been: it’s the world’s No. 1 arena for genius; it’s the battleground of new ideas. New York is the city where the future comes to rehearse, where the best come to get better. We’re the leading city because we are the city of leaders. If you’re trying for the top, you cannot top New York.”

He was right. For all of the conflict and cruelty, NYC in the ’80s remained a petri dish for creativity and new ways of making art. In the list below, we’ve chosen four of the most important.

1. Talking Heads

It’s true that Talking Heads, a band of former art school students, gained a fair amount of momentum in the ’70s, but the ’80s is where they really stood out.

At the very beginning of the decade, they released Remain in Light, an album that clearly drew from hip-hop, funk, and world music yet sounded entirely new. Remain in Light was a hit in and of itself, landing at No. 19 on the Billboard 200 and also yielding the hit single “Once in a Lifetime.” An even bigger success came in 1983 in the form of “Burning Down the House” from Speaking in Tongues. (Several songs from this era were not majorly popular at the time but have become so in subsequent years, including “Girlfriend Is Better,” “And She Was,” and “This Must Be the Place (Naive Melody).”)

Talking Heads set themselves apart from other bands of this era, both nationally and in their primary location of New York City. Here was a group led by an eccentric, inquisitive artist, David Byrne, whose approach to writing songs was angular, ironic, and anxious in all the best ways. At his side was a deeply gifted arranger in Jerry Harrison and the husband-wife rhythm section of Chris Frantz and Tina Weymouth. All together it made for a highly danceable style of music that pulled from punk, new wave, art rock, and international instrumentation.

2. Madonna

Madonna moved to New York City in 1978, marking her first time ever flying on a plane. Immediately, she began working whatever odd jobs she could find, taking dance classes and generally absorbing the community around her. In 1982, she managed to land herself in enough prominent industry company to sign a deal with Sire Records and from there, it was off to the races.

Her self-titled debut came out in 1983, and it was instantly obvious this young woman from Michigan had star quality about her. Every one of her albums from the ’80s was a hit, each bearing multiple successful singles. She was one of the best-selling artists of the entire decade; beyond her chart domination, Madonna made clear that performance should never be overlooked. Moving to New York City revealed to her that one need not be boxed in by a single definition — painters could also be singers; actresses could also be dancers; and so forth. This effectively set the template for the modern-day pop star.

“I think people misunderstood and resented her — you hear all the time ‘She’s not a good singer.’ Well, she’s not a singer,” Madonna’s biographer Mary Gabriel explained to Variety in 2023. “She’s a performance artist. She’s a visual artist. She’s a songwriter. She’s a producer. And in the world she came from, you could be all those things without having to apologize for it.”

3. Run-DMC

You can’t have a conversation about ’80s music in NYC without discussing the rise of hip-hop; Run-DMC from Queens were pioneers of it.

Their debut album, 1984’s Run-D.M.C., made them the first hip-hop group to achieve a gold record. They followed that up with 1985’s King of Rock, which made them the first hip-hop group to go platinum. Then there was 1986’s Raising Hell, which became the first multi-platinum hip-hop record; their collaboration with Aerosmith on “Walk This Way” charted higher than the original version of that song. They appeared on MTV frequently, showing viewers something they likely had never seen before.

Run-DMC — Joseph “Run” Simmons, Jason “Jam Master Jay” Mizell and Darryl “D.M.C.” McDaniels – represented a totally new era of music. They piggybacked off older generations of DJs, R&B singers and disco artists to help create what became known as new-school hip-hop — a genre that utilized big drum machine sounds, assertive “rap” style lyrical delivery and an overall cool attitude. Sampling was often involved too long before it became common practice. Run-DMC paved the way so that artists like Jay-Z, Kendrick Lamar and Drake could run; both puns fully intended.

For anyone who criticized Run-DMC for not playing their own instruments or leaning too heavily on samples; they knew it was all part of the bigger picture.

“We wasn’t making our own music but those white people that we were stealing beats from like Aerosmith, Rush, Bob Dylan — they protected us,” McDaniels recalled to njarts.net in 2020. “Lou Reed said: ‘I respect Run-DMC because when they came out they reminded me of me when I was a young musician beating on pots and pans to everyone’s music.’ The Black musicians didn’t like us because we were getting $1,000 a night which was a lot back then — $1,000 just to play some damn records! But those rock dudes loved us for our socially conscious attitude; we were rebellious just like rock ‘n’ roll with our anti-everything attitude.”

4. Beastie Boys

The Beastie Boys — a three-piece band formed in 1981 featuring Adam “Ad-Rock” Horovitz, Adam “MCA” Yauch and Michael “Mike D” Diamond — somehow managed to bridge punk rock and hip-hop in ways no other band did during the ’80s.

What began as friends making relatively inconsequential music on New York’s Lower East Side turned into something much bigger once they got their hands on a drum machine; it didn’t take long for them to translate local success into broader recognition — their debut album Licensed to Ill, released in 1986 as the first rap album to top Billboard‘s 200 chart helped by their producer Rick Rubin who was then just starting out as DJ. Their 1989 album Paul’s Boutique, while not as commercially successful further emphasized that hip-hop music like rock ‘n’ roll could take on many forms employing various influences — some called Paul’s Boutique, “Sgt. Pepper of hip-hop.” Sampling became even more mainstream thanks to Beastie Boys.

The members grew up soaking up all NYC’s influences and sounds creating something future artists like Eminem, Rage Against The Machine and Blur would draw inspiration from for decades to come. And by the way if you ever find yourself at 14th Street and Avenue A in Manhattan’s East Village make sure to look up — there’s an enormous mural honoring Beastie Boys as hometown hip-hop legends.